Case Studies

» Libelium’s IoT technology contributes to heritage preservation monitoring of two historic masterpieces

Challenge: Conservation of the ambient conditions of artistic heritage.

Libelium and the Huesca Museum have developed a research project combining art and technology, using the Internet of Things for historical-artistic heritage preservation. Both entities have reached a collaboration agreement led by the museum's conservation area to measure the preservation conditions of two important tapestry masterpieces. The Libelium's Plug & Sense! devices have been placed behind both pieces with only the light sensor visible. The data collected by the devices is sent to the Internet through a 4G connection and arrives in graphic form to a webpage where it can be analyzed in real-time.

» MySignals helps to improve medical assistance for Sahrawi population in North Africa

Challenge: Health care doesn’t reach the entire Sahrawi population. Although the solution to the socio-sanitary problems in the Sahara is not going to be solved by a single MySignals case, it is a start because of its transportability and wide range of sensors.

The Sahara desert is an area of 9 millions km² that extends throughout North Africa. It is the largest warm desert in the world. At the eastern end of this desert lies the Western Sahara region, one of the most sparsely populated territories in the world and possibly the one with the lowest population density.

Health care doesn’t reach the entire Sahrawi population. A medical emergency that requires a trip to the nearest hospital can involve a car trip of more than 8 hours, putting the patient at severe risk of death during the journey.

The MySignals solution offers the possibility of carrying a hospital in a briefcase, which makes it a very interesting option to work in areas that are not well communicated due to the reduction of costs and transport to any corner of the desert.

» Smart Water technology provides safe and clean water to Indigenous communities in Canada

Challenge: In November 2015 there were 105 long-term drinking water advisories on public systems on Canadian indigenous reserves that affected more than 10,000 homes and community buildings. In March 2021 it is projected there will be 0.

In November 2015 there were 105 long-term drinking water advisories on public systems on Canadian indigenous reserves that affected more than 10,000 homes and community buildings. In March 2021 it is projected there will be 0. This ambitious improvement will be possible thanks to the application of the Internet of Things. The First Nations represents more than 50 nations and 50 indigenous languages from 634 communities in Canada. More than 1.67 million people in Canada identify themselves as an Indigenous person (according to the 2016 Census). About half of them live in provinces of Ontario and British Columbia.

» Preventing asthma attacks in children with a sensor network that monitors air quality conditions in play areas

Challenge: Use of UAV for 3D visualization of air pollutants in urban areas

Asthma is one of the most frequent causes of absenteeism in schools. This disease, that affects the respiratory tract, can alter sleep, play and other activities necessary for proper child growth.

In industrialized countries, a progressive rise in asthma has been observed. The condition is prevalent between 3 and 30% of school year children aged 6 and 7 years old.

In this regard, engineers of the Airalab Rus team had the idea to install a modern automatic sensor provided by Libelium in several play areas. This is how the “Smart yard. Safe environment” project began.

» New vineyard project developed with Libelium IoT platform on Agrotech, the app for crop management, powered by Efor and Ibercaja on Microsoft Azure

Challenge: IoT platform to manage vineyards and crops easier for farmers

Precision viticulture projects look for the maximization of the oenology potential of the vineyards, adapting to extreme conditions, to obtain higher quality and better productivity of the vintage. Agricultural IoT projects provide efficiency, sustainability, optimization of natural resources and traceability.

The Spanish bank Ibercaja impulsed Agrotech, an IoT financing program for agronomists to ease the introduction and adoption of the Internet of Things technology into this traditional sector. Agrotech was developed by EFOR, global leader in technological services, and solutions for management, communication and marketing of companies, and Libelium, hardware IoT company specialized in agriculture precision. Read more.

» 3D air quality modeling with sensor drones in Greece

Challenge: Use of UAV for 3D visualization of air pollutants in urban areas

Air pollution in Greece has been a serious environmental problem in the last decades. Rapid and disorganized urbanization of cities, lack of infrastructure and an increasing motor vehicle fleet in urban regions were the main causes of air quality deterioration in the country.

Antonios Koutroumpas, student of the Technical University of Crete, developed his Bachelor’s Thesis in Production Systems with the title: “Use of UAV (Unnamed Aerial Vehicles) for 3D visualization of air pollutants in urban areas,” in which a small drone equipped with Libelium’s wireless sensor platform Waspmote was introduced for in-situ data acquisition. Read more.

» Meshlium Scanner to monitor passengers’ activity at Manchester Airport

Challenge: Smartphone detection technology to ensure security in one of the bussiest airports in Europe

In 2017, the Manchester Airport was the third busiest airport in the United Kingdom with more than 27 million passengers. Thanks to a steady annual growth between 5 and 10% in the last years, the airport is currently undergoing an expansion program to extend its capacity in more than 50 million passengers annually.

Innotech Insights Ltd. chose Libelium’s Meshlium Scanner to detect smartphones and cellular devices, measuring people’s movements inside the airport. Six devices were installed across the terminals in order to understand flows, detect and prevent eventual bottlenecks and especially ensure people’s security. Read more.

» Balearic Islands to become a smart tourist destination by expanding IoT sensor networks

Challenge: Libelium's technology installed in Palma de Mallorca harbor reveals that ferries cause more air pollution rather than cruises

The environmental report of ESPO (The European Sea Ports Organisation) for 2018 shows that air quality remains the main priority of European ports. Aware of this, the Port Authority of the Balearic Islands has been working hard since 2016 to also know the level of air quality, capacity, alignment with the Environmental Policy of the Port Authority of the Balearic Islands.

Almost two years data gathering after the installation of the nodes, the Balearic Harbors Authority has reached the first conclusions from the data captured by the network of nodes. Read more.

» Drones, Sensors and Blockchain for water quality control in the Volga river to promote trustworthy data and transparency

Challenge: Blockchain and Libelium IoT Sensor Platform complements to promote data trustworthy, transparency and openness in a Smart Water project in Russia

In Russia, approximately 70% of drinking water comes from surface, while the rest comes from groundwater. Unfortunately, water pollution is a major issue in this country, with more than 10 million Russians currently lacking access to quality drinking water. According to the Russian regulatory bodies, around 35 to 60% of total reserves of drinking water do not meet sanitary standards. This fact favors the proliferation of health issues in many cities and villages across the country, as only 8% of the wastewater is correctly treated before being returned to the waterways.

Airalab Rus, Smart IoT Distributions (Libelium's distributor in Russia) and the Tolyatti State University have developed the project “Drone on the Volga” to measure water pollution in the Kuybyshev Reservoir, the largest water reservoir in Eurasia, located in the Volga river (in Samara Oblast). Read more.

» Libelium promotes health monitoring in the workplace with MySignals

Challenge: Libelium participated in the CSR "Por Ti" project with Quironsalud, Pikolin, Pastas Romero, Agua de Lunares, and Podoactiva. MySignals, the eHealth development platform, helps the participants to monitor their health in the workplace and to promote healthy habits.

The eHealth device, MySignals, developed by Libelium, has participated in a Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) program for the promotion of healthy habits and health monitoring in the workplace. MySignals is an eHealth IoT Development platform for remote health monitoring, equipped with 17 different sensors that measure the most important vital signs.

Health surveillance is one of the objectives of the occupational risk prevention regulations. Companies develop active prevention policies and promote healthy habits among their workers to improve their health and prevent accidents at work. Read more.

» New Weather Station Sensors integrated in Libelium’s IoT platform perform maximum accuracy

Challenge: Libelium verifies the accuracy of the weather stations integrated in its IoT platform with the same results as those registered by the Spanish State Meteorological Agency (AEMET)

Libelium has developed a project to test the accuracy of weather stations that includes its IoT platform in comparison with the professional station of AEMET. In order to do this, Libelium's engineering team installed two Plug & Sense! nodes in the Sustainable Urbanism Center of Zaragoza (Spain) requesting permission from AEMET to carry out the measurements in the same location and under the same conditions as its reference station.

The results obtained in the comparative study show that the station behaves in parallel and with the same precision as the official AEMET meteorological station, both in terms of wind speed and direction and in terms of accumulated precipitation parameters. Read more.

» EU project uses Libelium sensors to monitor ozone levels in volunteer homes

Challenge: A network of sensors measure tropospheric ozone, a contaminant that mainly affects rural areas, in Italy, Austria and Spain

Ozone is one of the major pollutants in Europe, excessive exposure to ground-level ozone is estimated to cause about 20,000 premature deaths per year in Europe, according to the European Environment Agency.

European Union project CAPTOR measures tropospheric ozone in areas where levels usually exceed regular values. Libelium sensors are used to control air quality in rural areas and real-time information of the Captor nodes can be consulted using the captorAIR app. Read more.

» Protecting and conserving the beluga whale habitat in Alaska with Libelium's flexible sensor platform

Challenge: Air and water monitoring of a gas leak at the Cook Inlet in Alaska, home of the endangered Beluga Whale

Beluga whales are considered critically endangered with a population estimated around 150,000 worldwide. In 2017, a natural gas leak was detected approximately 6 kilometers offshore in the Cook Inlet near Nikiski (Alaska). Alaskan authorities responded with detailed and challenging monitoring requirements due to the area being a critical habitat for endangered beluga whales.

Libelium's partner company Aridea Solutions designed a solution to monitor the leak based in a buoy equipped with Libelium's wireless sensor platform to monitor air and water near the leak affecting the Beluga whales and other aquatic mammals. This project consisted of monitoring methane, oxygen and CO₂ levels above the surface of the water. While simultaneously monitoring dissolved methane, dissolved O₂ and several other parameters directly beneath the surface of the water. Read more.

» Early flood detection and warning system in Argentina developed with Libelium sensors technology

Challenge: Early flood prevention system to monitor rivers and to prevent floods in Argentina

Libelium and the Argentinian company Rack2 have developed a permanent flood monitoring system based on IoT technology in La Emilia, a small village in the North of Buenos Aires. Its location next to a river has been subject to several flood alerts throughout its history. With the last flood in 2017, a 75% of the population were forced to evacuate, one person died and more than 3,000 people were moved to several evacuation centers.

The final objective of the authorities was to have a permanent water monitoring system, not only for risk alerts but also to produce a satisfactory water flow, to control and record its behavior. Rack2, Libelium’s distributor in Argentina, has implemented an early flood detection and warning system using Libelium technology, a reliable and stable structure in terms of communications and accuracy.

» Reducing Logistics' environmental impact by air quality monitoring in the Baltic Sea Port of Gdansk, Poland

Challenge: Detection of hazardous chemical compounds derived from logistics polluting the air in the surrounding area of a port

Feature Forest is a Polish start-up, specialized in developing software solutions for the IoT, taking advantage of data science methods. The company has successfully accomplished the so-called Space3ac Acceleration Program, a project which seeks the minimization of port activity impact as well as solving the problems of transportation industry players in the surrounding areas of the Gdansk Port.

The fPerception system allows the immediate detection of hazardous chemical compounds polluting the air in real time. This project aims to localize the sources of air pollutants in the area of the port, such as the berthing of vessels, the heat and power plants, the cargo handling activities, the surrounding industry or the raising road and railway transport. Libelium technology is located nearby potential sources of pollution where information about gas concentration is correlated with wind direction and speed in order to predict and react in case of an emergency. Read more.

» MySignals brings Physical Rehabilitation to people with disabilities in Mexico through Kinnov, a leading company in Physiotherapy research

Challenge: Improving physiotherapy treatments using remote medicine technologies to gain efficiency

In Mexico 6 million people live some kind of disability and there are only 10.000 physiotherapists. A Mexican holding company offers global services related to Physiotherapy through education, clinical rehabilitation, innovation and research.

Kinnov's research team is currently using MySignals in a project that analyses the biometric parameters needed for the physiotherapeutic process. Aware of the current needs of the Physical Rehabilitation area, Kinnov is researching new tools to improve the patients' quality of life, gaining efficiency. Read more.

» Smart Wine: Libelium's IoT technology allows predictive control of vineyards in the Pago Aylés winery, Spain

Challenge: IoT technology applied to precision agriculture, improving productivity, saving costs and increasing predictive capacity in determining strain behaviour during the grape ripening process.

The Pago Aylés winery has invested in an IoT project with Libelium technology in order to gain efficient production and a predictive vineyard management model. Leading to the best decisions based on objective data.

In the first year of the project, the winery expects to obtain a 25% increase in quality associated with improved knowledge. This will allow them to improve future management of resources in relation to production objectives. In addition, return on investments is expected to reach 30% due to reduction in information management costs and a 10-50% reduction in production costs depending on the vintage. Read more.

» Controlling fish farms water quality with smart sensors in Iran

Challenge: Monitoring water quality to improve fish farms productivity, diminishing casualties, and reducing costs and time

Afarinesh Samaneh Mehr Engineering Co. (ASM), Libelium official distributor in Iran has developed a Smart Water sensor network to measure the water quality parameters of the fish farms in the North of the country.

The main objective of this project was to control water quality in order to increase quality and productivity as well as to reduce costs and increase profits. Having information about water quality parameters in fish breeding ponds offers the fish farmers the possibility to manage their installations in an improved and more effective way, accelerating their inner processes. Read more.

» Smartphone detection scanner to identify volume of visitors and behaviors in United Kingdom trade fair

Challenge: Detecting volume of visitors and popular locations with Bluetooth and WiFi smartphone detection in a food festival

The “Bolton Food and Drink Festival” is celebrated every summer in the town of Bolton, located in Greater Manchester (United Kingdom). It is an event which unites different flavors and tastes from all over the world. The organization requires control over the presence and behavior of the attendants.

Innotech Concepts was selected by the festival organizers to manage a project to monitor visitors data. The start-up chose Libelium's Meshlium Scanner to deploy this project at the Bolton Food and Drink Festival. Scanning WiFi and Bluetooth devices in the festival area allowed the organizers to study the demand and conduct of the visitors in real-time. Read more.

» Controlling quality of irrigation water with IoT to improve crops production

Challenge: Obtaining real-time information from water quality to improve quality of crops

The irrigation water quality, as well as the correct management of the water resources, is essential for the productivity and efficiency of the crops. Controlling and analyzing water before irrigating is crucial and its quality may vary significantly depending on the time of year. So frequent measurements are recommended. The Spanish company GMV has developed a water quality monitoring system based in Libelium technology. The nodes were installed at the "El Portal" irrigation dam, located on the Guadalete river where it passes through Jerez de la Frontera (Spain). Read more.

» Early warning system to prevent floods and allow disaster management in Colombian rivers

Challenge: Disaster management and flood prevention system monitoring rivers' levels

On May 18^th 2015, the Colombian village of Salgar was devastated by a landslide. The La Liboriana river flood caused 83 deaths and left devastation and destruction on the communities all over the area. After this event, the National Unit for Disaster Risk Management – Unidad Nacional para la Gestión de Riesgos de Desastres (UNGRD) in Spanish – designed a plan to monitor and compile information on the La Liboriana, La Clara and Barroso rivers to prevent tragedies like the Salgar landslide. Federmán Comunicaciones, a Colombian company with more than ten years of experience in telecommunications, was responsible for the installation of an early warning system in disaster management in the region based on Libelium technology. Read more.

» The first Smart Vineyard in Lebanon chooses Libelium's technology to face the climate change

Challenge: Agriculture sensor network in vineyards to compile soil and climate information and their effect in the grapes.

Precision agriculture is gaining presence among the most delicate and challenging cultivations. Viticulture, which has been extremely linked to the progress of the seasons and the variations in temperatures, is becoming a great indicator of climate change. Libatel, in collaboration with Ogero Telecom, Université Saint-Joseph ESIAM and Château Kefraya winery, have developed an agriculture sensor network for vineyards based on Libelium wireless sensor network. The main aim of this viticulture precision project is to compile soil and climate information and their effects in the grapes. Read more.

» Air quality application based on IoT unites technology and healthy lifestyle

Challenge: Data Consult: Monitoring environmental parameters in Smart City project to guarantee the quality of the air.

BeitMisk is a private community located in a beautiful natural setting that enjoys a good environment with clean air quality. One of the main objectives of the ideologists of this new city was to guarantee the quality of the air and to offer this information to the tenants in a smart way. Data Consult launched the first smart city in Lebanon developed with Libelium's technology. The project includes digitizing of the physical elements of the city, adding a layer of machine learning and artificial intelligence to provide data insights and predictive analytics. This deployment allows tenants and facility management teams to connect with their city through various intuitive communication tools, save on resources and enjoy a better citizen experience. Read more.

» Smart Parking project in Montpellier to relieve traffic congestion and reduce car parking search

Challenge: Controlling car park areas to take actions in order to reduce traffic congestion in the center of the city

Ten minutes searching for car parking several times daily means more than 240 hours per year, and an average of 700 complete days in your life. the French company Synox has shared all its knowledge and know-how to Montpellier Mediterranean Metropolis with new and innovative urban services and particularly a smart parking solution, developed with Libelium's technology, named “Connected Parking”. Read more.

» Smart Agriculture project in Salerno (Italy) to monitor “baby leaves” fourth-generation vegetables production for an efficient use of fertilizers and irrigation

Challenge: Monitoring external factors that affect crop yields to forecast and prevent from diseases, saving water and using less pesticides

Libelium's technology along with EVJA OPI platform play a critical role in the technological revolution of the agriculture sector, providing the farmers new analysis and forecast tools that helps them to improve their production. Read more.

» Monitoring aquatic and environmental parameters at the coldest weather conditions to encourage salmon spawning and reduce pollution in Oslo

Challenge: Monitoring water and air quality parameters in the city of Oslo to control, foresee and act

Being Norway one of the world's largest exporters of fish, activities such as trout and salmon spawn become crucial. As one of the first ThingFarm has developed an IoT solution for monitoring the water quality and conditions for living organisms, fishes and plants in rivers and sea. Within the last months of the year, salmons and trouts spawn in rivers all over Norway. To know if all parameters are adapted and stable for the fishes to spawn eggs, knowing the river and water conditions is of great value. Read more.

» The city of Tilburg (NL) becomes smart and sustainable teaming with Libelium and Ericsson to develop an IoT environmental control platform

Challenge: Monitoring ambient conditions and smartphone detection to plan smart urban

Libelium and Ericsson have joined efforts to check the environmental status of the water standards, the air quality and the noise levels measured in several zones of Tilburg city (NL) to be visualized on a public website. Read more

» Athens International Airport trusts EXM and Libelium's IoT platform to enhance environmental monitoring

Challenge: Monitoring air quality outside the airport fence and determining aircraft location on the airfield.

Libelium and Ex Machina have worked together to deploy a sensors network in Athens International Airport that enhances its environmental monitoring capabilities by augmenting existing air quality monitoring outside the airport fence and helping determine the location of the aircraft on the airfield. Read more

» Libelium's IoT sensors platform helps to control environmental impact on Palma de Mallorca's harbor to become a smart tourist destination

Challenge: Measuring environmental impact of tourists activity in the main harbor in Mallorca to apply sustainability strategies enabling the island to reach acknowledgment as smart and sustainable touristic destination.

Turning Palma de Mallorca into a smart tourist destination by improving the quality of its environment is the main aim of the project in which Libelium and Mallorcawifi.com have been working together. To do so, a wide Waspmote Plug and Sense Smart Cities sensors network has been deployed all around Mallorca harbor to measure the impact of its activity. Read more

» Preserving endangered freshwater mussels in the Ohio River with a Smart Water Project

Challenge: Minimizing the impact on mussels' beds during dredging operations with a remote environmental monitoring system

Aridea Solutions, an engineering company located in West Virginia, has trusted Libelium technology to assist in the development of the WIZARD (Water Intrinsic Zoological Ambient Research Device) Platform. The American company worked in October 2016 on a project for the US Army Corps of Engineers at Robert C. Byrd Locks and Dam to control mussels' ambient and environmental conditions. The aim was to protect them when working in local rivers and streams. Read more.

» Detecting road modality and occupancy patterns to enhance urban planning in Dordrecht Smart City

Challenge: Monitoring pedestrians, bicyclists and vehicles to create flow and density maps to help Dordrecht municipality to rebuild the city

Public authorities are worried about the impact that the increase of people could have in the urban planning of metropolis. The Internet of Things is enabling the detection of the most regular routes; volume of cars, bicycles or pedestrians and most crowded streets passing times. Dimitrios Kyritsis, Surveying & Geomatics Engineer from TU Delft, has developed a research project in the city of Dordrecht (The Netherlands) based on the Meshlium IoT Gateway to monitor pedestrians, bicyclists and vehicles. Read more.

» Libelium IoT technology helps to monitor traffic volume in petrol stations to empower sales strategy

Challenge: Monitoring the incoming and outgoing traffic in a service station to know the behavior of customers

Libelium has developed an Internet of Things project with a gas station holding from Zaragoza (Spain), called Zoilo Ríos, to monitor the traffic of vehicles in one of the most important service areas of the city. The aim of the project is to measure the incoming and outgoing traffic of the establishment by the detection of the Bluetooth devices of the cars. Read more.

» MySignals helps to reduce maternal deaths in Dominican Republic

Challenge: Monitoring patients with risk of suffering arterial hypertension to identify the symptoms of preeclampsia and prevent the disease

The Dominican Republic is one of the Latin-American countries with major rate of maternal and neonatal deaths. Libelium has taken part in a project close to Infectología's Dominican Foundation to bring over the sanitary attention to groups of patients in risk with MySignals. The aim has been monitoring patients with risk of suffering arterial hypertension to identify the symptoms of preeclampsia in the patients in several sanitary centers as the Hospital Maternidad Los Minas, in Santo Domingo, and the Hospital Dr. Jaime Mota in Barahona. Read more

» Smart water management for wastewater treatment in isolated communities

Challenge: Solving small communities wastewater treatment needs in a cost effective, energy efficient and environmental friendly manner.

iMETland is a EU Horizon 2020 research project which aim is unleashing the small community economies potential through innovative wastewater treatments technologies, creating a virtuous circle connecting water, energy, ICT, land resources and safeguarding the environment. Libelium technology has been part of this initiative to control water quality and environmental conditions. Read more .

» Smart Libelium: Living IoT Lab to monitor parking, water quality, ambient and environmental conditions

Challenge: Developing a Living IoT Lab at Libelium headquarters to control water quality, ambient conditions and environmental parameters inside and outside the building

Libelium believes in a world completely connected to gather data from anything located anywhere to enable citizens and organizations to make decisions based on valuable information. With the aim to show customers, partners and visitors the wide range of IoT applications, Libelium has deployed a Living Lab in its headquarters in Zaragoza (Spain). The installation has been carried out during 4^th quarter of 2016 by Libelium technical departments. Read more.

» Smart City project in Ljubljana Shopping and Business Centre to follow its Green Mission strategy

Challenge: Supporting one of the largest European Shopping and Business Centres towards sustainable development and creating a better environment for local people, visitors and businesses

Libelium and SmartIS City Ltd have developed a project to improve BTC City environmental and social commitment. It is one of the largest shopping and business centres in Europe located in Ljubljana, the 2016 European Green Capital. BTC Company wants to follow its Green Mission strategy, which is oriented towards sustainable development and creating a better environment for local people, visitors and businesses. Read more.

» Smart irrigation system to improve kiwi production in Italy

Challenge: Deploying wireless sensor networks with Sigfox and GPRS connection in a kiwi plantation to develop a smart irrigation system

FAMOSA has developed wireless sensor networks, based on Libelium technology, in a kiwi plantation with GPRS and Sigfox to develop accurate irrigation strategies for farmers. Kiwifruit is one of the most sensitive fruits in terms of quality which is given by size, sweetness and dry matter. In order to reach the best quality, it is essential for farmers to develop a good irrigation strategy to attain marketable products and reduce product losses. Read more.

» Snow and ice monitoring in UK winter highways for a Smart Road management

Challenge: Monitoring weather conditions and road temperature to make better informed gritting salt decisions to save money and reduce carbon footprint

Mayflower Smart Control has developed an IoT project to find a solution to the use of excessive and unnecessary gritting of roads during cold weather in different locations of the Winchester area (Hampshire, UK). Mayflower Smart Control has trusted in Waspmote Plug & Sense! Sensor Platform to develop a pioneering project that will enable highways maintenance teams to make better informed gritting decisions based on local weather conditions. Read more.

» Smart Agriculture project in an Australian nursery to ensure crops health and reduce losses

Challenge: Developing a wireless sensor network to control in real time crops conditions to improve yields and reduce human error

Wireless sensor networks have opened a wide range in terms of possibilities for farmers and agricultural management organizations. Getting real-time information from different water, soil or air parameters of any field allows taking smart and strategic decisions to save resources and optimize yields.Agnov8 trusted in Libelium technology to develop an IoT project to control crops conditions and improve yields. Agnov8 has trusted in Libelium technology for a a large environmental sustainability project of Cameron’s Nursery wholesale plant grower located in Arcadia, New South Wales, Australia. Read more

» Predicting eruptions in the Masaya Volcano with wireless sensors

Challenge: Developing a wireless sensor network to monitor in real-time the Mouth of Hell to save human lives and provide open data

Volcanoes' eruptions are one of the most unpredictable and impressive natural phenomenons. Some vulcanologists are currently focused on working with the latest technology to monitor in real-time everything that happens inside and outside the crater to predict eruptions. With more than 80 sensors deployed, the main aim of the project has been building a digital early warning system to predict volcano eruptions. The ultimate goal of the project is providing a public service by giving access to the general population and decision makers enabling them to experience an active volcano in real-time. Read more

» Saving water with smart management and efficient systems in Spain

Challenge: Improving water efficiency and safety in living areas with a smart management system

The project called iWesla, which stands for Improving Water Efficiency and Safety in Living Areas, is a CPSLabs funded by the European Union´s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program. The consortium is formed by A-CING, Indra, Novelti and the Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM). The wireless sensor networks developed in iWesla are based on Waspmote Sensor Platform. Read more.

» Mobile monitoring system: Vehicles with sensors to control air quality in Glasgow

Challenge: Developing a portable system based on sensor networks to monitor air quality, meet regulation standards and reduce gas emissions and pollution.

Public authorities in cities have deployed static stations to monitor air quality data for a set of pollutant with specific, and high cost, sensing technologies. These stations provide highly accurate data but their cost limits the quantity of deployments, leaving large gaps in coverage. CENSIS, the innovation center of excellence for Sensor and Imaging Systems (SIS) technologies, has developed a low-cost system with Libelium Waspmote Sensor Platform in Glasgow (UK) that can be deployed flexibly and rapidly in mobile configurations to complement static stations providing more capilarity to Smart Cities projects. Read more

» Indoor Precision Farming in American medical marijuana plantations

Challenge: Providing maximum yield in medical marijuana crops and high quality results to deliver the best quality product in the industry.

SensorInsight, an American company that provides Industrial Internet of Things complete solutions, has been working for a medical marijuana operator with Libelium Waspmote Sensor Platform to develop a wireless sensor network to produce the highest quality of marijuana through the management and analysis of the entire medicinal marijuana growing process. Read more

» Smart Airport project: monitoring environmental conditions in Santiago de Chile airport

Challenge: Ensuring quality in the management and operation of airport infrastructures by monitors key performance indicators

Worlwide airports have become indoor cities where passengers spend so many time before and after taking their flights. In modern airports can be found hotels, restaurants, luxury shops and leisure centres but what makes passengers experience truly comfortable is reducing waiting times, enhancing conditions and also improving processes in the terminals. Ikusi is a technology company specialised in applications to provide greater intelligence and efficiency in infrastructure security, road and rail mobility, airports and cities; with Libelium Waspmote Sensor Platform, the Spanish company has developed a wireless sensor network to ensure quality in management and operation under the concession model in Santiago de Chile airport. Read more

» Monitoring green areas in Spain to develop a Smart Garden system

Challenge: Measure water, soil and environmental parameters and manage conditions and needs of green areas in real-time

Intelkia, a Spanish start-up focused on projects related to the Internet of Things, has developed a Smart Garden solution based on Libelium Waspmote sensor platform to optimize the use of resources in a sustainable way and save costs to their customers. The city of Ontinyent in Valencia has been the first municipality in Spain to take advantage of wireless sensor networks technology applied to green areas projects. Read more.

» Enhancing environmental control and reducing emissions in Nordic Smart Cities

Challenge: Providing an automated system for GHG emissions monitoring and reporting with the requirement of direct feedback of the city’s emissions reduction initiatives.

In the last years, it has become mandatory through several international regulations to reduce emissions that could impact in the environment and also inhabitants lives. The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) has led this project based on wireless sensor networks with Libelium Waspmote Sensor Platform. The Smart City plan has been deployed in two Nordic municipalities as test beds: Trondheim (Norway) and Vejle (Denmark).Read more.

» Precision Farming to control irrigation and improve fertilization strategies on corn crops

Challenge: Deploying a real-time monitoring system in a rural area in Italy to improve productivity by predicting corn crops yields and knowing water and fertilizer needs.

Omica is an Italian start-up focused on Smart Agriculture. Its mission is developing innovative products that integrate new disrupting technologies such as the Internet of Things. In collaboration with Libelium technology they have deployed a wireless sensor network to improve crops yields by identifying less productive zones and also monitoring crop water and fertilizer requirements during the growth period.Read more.

» Controlling shipping traffic in the Netherlands canals with wireless sensors

Challenge: Developing a wireless sensor network to manage shipping traffic in the Netherlands to control the amount of flow boats and optimize bridges opening and closing.

Vicrea is a dutch company specialized in Smart Integrated Information and Geographic Systems and Smart City solutions. The company has developed a wireless sensor network with Libelium technology to manage canals traffic in the Netherlands by controlling the flow of boats. Read more.

» Improving banana crops production and agricultural sustainability in Colombia using sensor networks

Challenge: Developing a wireless sensor network in plantain crops in Colombia to promote sustainable farming and improve productivity.

Red Tecnoparque Colombia is part of the technical innovative program Sennova from SENA Regional Risaralda, the Colombian National Service for Learning. Focused on improving productivity, the organization has deployed a wireless sensors network with Libelium technology to monitor banana crops in Lembo, on Santa Rosa de Cabal region. Read more.

» Fish farm monitoring in Vietnam by controlling water quality in ponds and tanks

Challenge: Control water quality in Vietnamese fish farms to reduce the number of lost animals and improve farming conditions and product quality.

PHA Distribution, one of the leading IOT & ICT distributors in Vietnam market, has deployed a wireless sensor network in a Vietnamese fish farm, next to Mekong river, with Libelium’s Waspmote Plug & Sense! Sensor Platform. The aim of the project is to monitor in real-time different parameters to control water quality and prevent some diseases that could affect fish in order to improve the quality and quantity of the production. Read more.

» Saving water with Smart Irrigation System in Barcelona

Challenge: Controlling water flow and soil moisture in parks and gardens of Barcelona developing a Smart Irrigation system based on wireless sensor networks.

Starlab, together with other companies, has deployed a remote control irrigation system for Barcelona that will help to reinforce its Smart City status. Starlab's contribution to the service is by soil moisture monitoring with in situ probes that use Libelium technology . The deployment is based on sensors technology and consists in allowing remote control of the irrigation system to facilitate the management of the water network. Read more.

» Smart marina: monitoring mooring berths by controlling sea level and weather conditions in a touristic port in Greece

Challenge: Modernize marinas by monitoring mooring berths, measuring the sea level & water quality and observing weather conditions

One of the major problems for captains of vessels, especially during summer, is the absence of marina's reservation mechanisms. The start-up SaMMY, rises up from this need detected in Greek ports and wants to modernize the operation of marinas with the installation of a sensor network with Libelium technology to monitor mooring berths and conditions of the sea and the environment. Read more.

» Increasing tobacco crops quality by climatic conditions control

Challenge: Increase tobacco crops quantity and quality and support decisions about agricultural operations by monitoring climatic conditions.

TeamDev, an Italian software company, has deployed Libelium’s Waspmote Plug & Sense! Sensor Platform to collect information localizing weather conditions to support farming management. New methodologies to monitor climatic conditions have been developed during the project in order to increase the quality of tobacco's crops. Read more.

» Smart Agriculture project for Organic Farms in UK

Challenge: To be able to capture useful data to start predicting measurements and events that could help farmers and agronomists to save tieme and money with its farms.

The lack of freely available public data in matter of agriculture issues motivated Senseye, a software company from UK, to develop a Smart Agriculture project from the ground-up using Waspmote Plug & Sense! Sensor Platform fully equipped with Libelium sensors to support farming across the UK. Read more.

» Traffic and Road Conditions Monitoring in Malaga

Challenge: Wireless sensor network to monitor traffic parameters, bringing real-time data. This system is designed to provide a powerful tool to adapt traffic planning to real demand with a high time saving.

Project developed in Málaga by a research group from Málaga University. The main aim is to save time in matter of traffic management in Smart Cities by means of a wireless sensor network based on Libelium Waspmote Sensor Platform. This project provides real-time data that can be shown in the SCADA interface Read more.

» Monitoring the largest Gold mine in Thailand

Challenge: Controlling air quality parameters and monitoring real-time weather changes to improve and strengthen the environmental, social and labour commitment of the mine.

Akara Resources is the leading gold producer in Thailand owning the largest and most important gold mine in the country: Chatree. The mine´s air quality will be monitored by Libelium’s Waspmote Plug & Sense! Sensor Platform in real-time and stored using EnviroSuite’s Air Quality Module. The archived data can be accessed for use in compliance reporting and back tracking for accountability. Read more.

» Rain forest monitoring for climate change control in Peru

Challenge: Monitoring weather and water conditions to know the atmospheric variables which reflect the behavior of nature in the National Park of Manú in Peru.

RFID Radical Solutions offers M2M wireless communications solutions for companies of different areas. The objective of this project is monitoring weather and water conditions in one of the most well-known nature reserves: National Park of Manú in Peru. In order to collect data, Waspmote Plug & Sense! Smart Environment and Agriculture have been installed in the zone. Read more.

» Smart City project in Castellón: a platform to control water usage and waste management

Challenge: Showing municipality and private companies the Smart City Platform working in real time obtaining data through Waste Management sensor and Air Quality sensor.

IoTsense, a company which offers an horizontal platform for the development of Smart Cities, decided starting a project in Castellón de la Plana based in Libelium technology. Castellón Smart City project integrates 25 different kinds of sensors, “Watchmeter” IoTsens –Data Logger, Limnimeter, Waste level sensor, Meteorological station, soil moisture sensor or luminosity sensor, to measure and control data in order to obtain a global perspective. Read more.

» Plug & Sense! Sensor Platform in Panda Raid Rally

Challenge: Demonstrate that Plug & Sense! Sensor Platform is able to monitor climate changes and tracking position in extreme conditions without suffering any damage or data loosing

On 5th March started one of the hardest and at the same time craziest amateur rallies in the world: the Panda Raid. In this edition, one member of Libelium Team took part with his 25 years old Fiat Panda. This vehicle was different to any other, because it was equipped with a Waspmote Plug & Sense! Sensor Platform. Read more.

» Water and Air Quality Monitoring in Civil Works

Challenge: Developing an environmental impacts detection system in real time which lets measure water quality an other atmospheric parameters based on Libelium technology.

VisionTech4Life is an initiative promoted by companies and research centers to know and mitigate the environmental effects which implies any civil work. In this sense, Erabi has used Libelium Waspmote Plug & Sense! Sensor Platform devices in order to monitor environmental and water quality parameters in "Villaperez" water treatment plant, in Oviedo, Asturias. Read more

» Preventing environmental impact in wastewater irrigation area for the largest meat industry in Australia

Challenge: Soil moisture control to prevent environmental impact in wastewater irrigation area for the largest meat industry in Australia

AJ Bush Meet Manufacturer is the Australia’s largest and longest established meat products businesses and has two large-scale meat rendering plants based in Australia in the cities of Queensland and New South Wales. Organic wastes from such facilities pose significant environmental management challenges. Read more

» Coruña Smart City: creating an open innovation ecosystem

Challenge: Air and acoustic quality, water quality management, energy efficiency, traffic control, citizen interataction and tourism monitoring to imrpove city´s efficiency and the sustainability

Smart Coruña is the innovation programme which began in 2011 and whose objective is to transform the beautiful city of La Coruña into a technology hub where new services, which improve the city´s efficiency and the sustainability, are implemented. Smart Coruña has positioned the city as a benchmark for new investments and new R&D developments and has contributed to the creation of new jobs stimulating the growth of the IT sector. Read more.

» Getaria: environment monitoring for a smart tourist destination

Challenge: Environmental control of air, noise and water in real time to increase citizens welfare and to prevent problems that can cause a negative impact on the tourism attraction

Getaria is a tourist destination of the Basque Coast in the North of Spain which has increased tourism volume in recent years. The council is searching for recognition as smart and sustainable tourism destination through an environment monitoring project linked to the public wireless network using our Waspmote Plug & Sense! Sensor Platform with our Smart Environment PRO, Smart City and Smart Water solutions. Read more.

» Monitoring weather conditions to prevent pest in olives

Challenge: Monitoring weather conditions to control fruit fly pest in olives groves and creating a model to predict the diffusion of flies in Umbria, Italy

TeamDev developes software and methodologies in precision farming sector for decision support in agricultural management. The objective of this project is to monitor weather conditions to control fruit fly pest in olives groves using our Waspmote Plug & Sense! Smart Agriculture and collecting data to create a model which can predict the diffusion of flies. Read more.

» Smart Strawberries Crop Increases the Quality and Reduces the Time from Farm to Market

Challenge: Environment monitorization using a wireless system based in Waspmote Plug & Sense! Smart Agriculture to get data in order to optimize strawberry crops in Emilia Romagna, Italy

Famosa, combine a wide expertise in sensors and technologies used for monitoring parameters and a knowledge in environmental, physiological and productive standards related to fruit and vegetable quality. In this project, they have developed a web service portal in order to collect data from wireless systems, using our Waspmote Plug & Sense! Smart Agriculture, to check environmental parameters. The aim is to get that users take advantage of these data and optimize their strawberry crops, increasing the quality and reducing the time to market. Read more.

» Sustainable Farming and the IoT: Cocoa Research Station in Indonesia

Challenge: Monitorization of the the environment with Waspmote sensor technology and Cloud analytics in order to help Indonesian farmers improve cocoa production and face climate change.

Modern farming methods based on wireless sensor technology can boost productivity, create economies of scale, and help communities thrive. Singapore-based IoT solution provider BioMachines designed a wireless sensor network system integrating Waspmote Smart Agriculture sensors to measure environmental parameters in the cocoa fields of tropical Indonesia. Read more.

» Precision Agriculture: Predicting Vineyard Conditions, Preventing Disease

Challenge: Deployment of wireless sensor networks in vineyards to constantly monitor multiple environmental parameters in order to avoid pests and optimize irrigation

Dolphin Engineering, a startup company based in Lugano, Switzerland, monitors vineyard conditions to prevent plant diseases using a wireless sensor network based on Libelium's Waspmote sensor platform. In Slovenia, Elmitel has developed a Cloud platform core, Elmitel Sensing, to create a Waspmote-based vineyard monitoring solution to cover all three parts of a sensor network: data acquisition, storage, and processing. Read more.

» Smart Agriculture: Monitoring greenhouse conditions to develop new products in the food industry

Challenge: Installation of an automated irrigation system with real time data control, capable of recording and adapting to environmental conditions inside the greenhouse

Flores en la mesa is an Aragonese company that grows and sells fresh edible flowers and crystallized flowers. These unusual products are based on plants that are carefully grown, free from chemicals, intended for human consumption. Crystallization is done by hand, slowly, to respect the anatomy of the flower and to preserve its shape and aroma. Read more.

» Smart Farming: Monitoring Horses and Equine Facility Management with Waspmote

Challenge: Using wireless sensor networks to monitor horses’ health, to control the condition of barns and stables, and generate alerts in real time

EOIT, an acronym for "Eyes on Inspiring Technology", is a young entrepreneurial company that views wireless sensor networks as an opportunity to improve agriculture, at a local level and internationally. EOIT developed Smart Horse using Libelium's Waspmote. It is an integrated technology platform that uses wireless sensor networks to monitor horses' health and the condition of barns and stables, and generate alerts in real time. Read more.

» Smart Factory: Reducing Maintenance Costs and Ensuring Quality in the Manufacturing Process

Challenge: Monitor critical processes, environmental variables throughout the factory, parameters that affect product quality and working conditions

Polibol is leader in the flexible packaging sector. Established in 1959, has won a world-wide reputation for technological leadership and innovative ideas as a flexible packaging printer and convertor. Libelium has designed a specific application for Polibol using Waspmote Plug & Sense! and Meshlium gateway to monitor critical processes. In some cases, controlling the air temperature near machinery on the factory floor is essential; in others, gas concentrations are monitored to keep compliance within authorized levels of concentration. Read more.

» Reading Beehives: Smart Sensor Technology Monitors Bee Health and Global Pollination

Challenge: Monitor honey bees remotely and in real time, within the hive

Award-winning smart beehive project is a unique platform to monitor honey bees remotely and in real time, within the hive. A group of biology, food business, and embedded systems engineering students at University College of Cork in Ireland has developed a unique platform through which they are able to monitor, collect and analyze activity within the colonies unobtrusively. Read more.

» Water Quality Monitoring in Europe's Largest Fluvial Aquarium

Challenge: Improve the measurement of the water parameters of a real aquatic environment in terms of reliability and frequency

Thanks to the collaboration between Libelium and the Aquarium of Zaragoza, measurements at the freshwater aquarium and a terrarium are taken several times per hour instead of once a day. The technology solution selected is Libelium's Smart Water. The main goal of this water-monitoring project is to automate the measurement of physical and chemical parameters in the tanks, improving the reliability and frequency of the data collected, and simplifying the tasks of the Aquarium of Zaragoza staff. Read more.

» Urban Resilience in the Smart City: River Flood and Forest Fire Early Detection

Challenge: Enable data-driven urban planning on a regional scale, with Opticits HAZUR software and Waspmote Plug & Sense!

Cities around the world are now focused on urban resilience, or the ability to withstand and recover from physical, social, and economic challenges that result from natural disasters, the forces of climate change, congestion, or other man-made disturbances. With the implementation of HAZUR and Libelium sensors, the territory of La Garrotxa can readily manage critical facets of its infrastructure and public services. Libelium's Waspmote Plug & Sense! solution power three main application configurations, measuring parameters for forest fire prevention, river flood monitoring, and ambient control, such as air quality and greenhouse gases. Read more.

» Cold Chain Monitoring and Smart Tracking in Zaragoza

Challenge: Create a real-time cold chain monitoring system for a bakery and pastry company

Tahona Goyesca is a leading Aragonese company in the bakery and pastry sector that bakes and distributes cakes and pastries that require storage at proper temperature to reach their destination in peak condition. To control the temperature and make delivery more efficient in Tahona Goyesca’s fleet of refrigerated vehicles, Libelium has designed a Smart Tracking solution using Waspmote Plug & Sense! and the Meshlium gateway. With this Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) system, the temperature and position of each delivery vehicle can be monitored in real time remotely through a pc / smartphone / tablet and basic Internet connection. Read more.

» E-Health: Low Cost Sensors for Early Detection of Childhood Disease

Challenge: Creating a device to aid in the efficient detection of tachypnea, an indication of pneumonia in children, to reduce child mortality

Pneumonia is the number 1 killer of children worldwide with 2 million deaths each year. With a child dying every 20 seconds, pneumonia is a significant contributor to neonatal mortality in developing countries – more than AIDS, malaria and measles combined. The illness is treatable and preventable, but accurate early detection is key. To reduce child mortality due to Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI), the Smart Object Sensing Array invented by Guardit and licensed by Inspire Living Inc., contracted with the global NGO Project HOPE to create a device to aid in the efficient detection of tachypnea, an indication of pneumonia in children, based on Libelium’s e-Health Sensor Platform.

» Libelium Sensors Launch into Space in the First Open Source Satellite

Challenge: Create the first Sensor Network in the Space controlled by Researchers from the Earth

With the successful space launch of ArduSat aboard a H-IIB rocket last Sunday 4th August 2013, the first open satellite platform that allows private citizens to design and run their own applications in space is now in the International Space Station (ISS).

Included in the standard payload of the two 10cm x 10cm orbiters launched are Radiation Sensor Boards designed by Libelium that will monitor radiation levels generated by space phenomena such as sun storms and background activity. This sensing technology acts as a Geiger counter measuring gamma particles produced anywhere in space. These small Sensor Boards have a size of 4 x 3cm and an overall weight of 40gr to fit the satellite restrictions what made of the project a incredible engineering challenge for the Libelium team.

» Detecting Radiation Levels in Fukushima: an example of crowdsourcing

Challenge: Fast design of a radiation detection sensor board for Waspmote in response to the accident in Fukushima.

The creation of the Radiation Sensor Board was motivated by the nuclear disaster in Fukushima after the unfortunate earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan in March 2011. We wanted to help authorities to measure the levels of radiation of the affected zones without compromising the life of the security and rescue teams. For this reason we designed in just 3 weeks a Geiger Counter sensor board for Waspmote, which could read the radiation levels automatically and send the information in real time using wireless technologies like ZigBee and 3G/GPRS to the control point without human intervention.

» Smart Parking and environmental monitoring in one of the world’s largest WSN

Challenge: Use the mesh capabilities of ZigBee and other adhoc protocols in a massive deployment of more than 1000 nodes located under the ground in order to enable the car detection in the streets of the city.

SmartSantander is an ambitious project leaded by Telefonica that proposes a unique in the world city-scale experimental research facility sufficiently large, open, flexible and horizontal to stimulate the development of new applications by researchers, companies and citizens. At the same time, the network must provide services to Santander inhabitants such as helping them to find free parking spots and monitoring pollution levels. In this case, Waspmote modularity and flexibility has allowed to incorporate a second communication radio enabling experimentation while ensuring high availability services.

» M2M project in Mexico to monitor industrial motors with Waspmote

Challenge: Monitoring temperature and vibration on industrial motors to warn when abnormal operation is detected

Inblay Technology, a Mexican company that designs, develops and deploys industrial enhancement systems, has created a platform to monitor industrial motors using Waspmote. This system is able to monitor temperature and vibration on industrial motors, warning when abnormal operation is detected. Waspmotes were installed on the industrial motors and sent the data directly to a management sever, helping to establish a faster and more efficient service.

» Smart Agriculture project in Galicia to monitor vineyards with Waspmote

Challenge: Create a statistical model to predict the appearence of plagues withing the vineyard with wireless sensor networks

Researchers from Grupo Austen, a Spanish company, have developed a system called 'Siega System' that allows to monitor in real-time a bunch of variables in order to create a whole Smart Agriculture system. This system is able to monitor different parameters such as ambient temperature and humidity, soil temperature and humidity or leaf wetness and has been deployed in Pontevedra, a city in the North of Spain.

» Smart Water project in Valencia to monitor Water Cycle Management

Challenge: Create a hybrid sensor network between mobile and fixed nodes and integration of water quality specific sensors.

This project was developed by the Institute of Computer Technology in collaboration with the Polytechnic University of Valencia and Telefonica Cathedra in Valencia (Spain). The Smart Water System consist of a mobile wireless sensor network that can be fast deployed in a particular area to monitor water quality by measuring parameters such as PH, conductivity, oxydation reduction potential (redox), disolved oxygen (DO) and turbidity. In this case, modularity and horizontal architecture of Waspmote allowed the customers to easily integrate these new sensors.

» e-Health project in Malaysia to monitor Medical Drug Preservation with Waspmote

Challenge: Real-time conditions controlling of vaccines and other medicines to control whether the cold chain has been broken or not

ARES system has been developed by DeltaZ, a Malaysian company focused on medical products, which has been deployed in several cities in Malaysia. The system is able to monitor several parameters (Oxygen, CO2, Vibration or Temperature among others) in different environments such as medical refrigerators, ultra low temperature freezers or LN2 tanks among others. More than 50 Waspmotes have been deployed in several hospitals in order to control and preserve medical drugs and vaccines.

» Smart City project in Serbia for environmental monitoring by Public Transportation

Challenge: Deploy a mobile wireless sensor network with the sensor nodes located in vehicles.

The EkoBus system was developed in collaboration with Ericsson and deployed in the cities of Belgrade and Pancevo. Several Waspmotes were installed on public transportation vehicles to monitor a set of environmental parameters over a large area as well as to provide additional information for the end-user like the location of the buses and estimated arrival times to bus stops. The GPS and 3G/GPRS modules allowed the Waspmotes to work as autonomous sensor collectors.

» Smart City project in Salamanca to monitor Air Quality and Urban Traffic

Challenge: Use one single sensor network infrastructure to monitor 7 environmental parameters and provide multiple services.

This project has been developed by several companies and leaded by “Fundación CARTIF”. Its main goal was to achieve sustainable management of the traffic in the city of Salamanca by using two key-elements: a pervasive air-quality sensor network along with prediction models. The project required the measurement of 7 parameters: CO, NO2, O3, temperature, humidity, dust particles (PM-10) and noise. The flexibility of Waspmote allowed to integrate all of them in the same sensor node, making the most of each point of the the network deployed.

» Detecting Forest Fires using Wireless Sensor Networks

Challenge: Deployment of sensor networks in harsh outdoors environments.

SISVIA “Vigilancia y Seguimiento Ambiental” deployed a Wireless Sensor Network in Asturias (Spain) in order to detect forest fires by monitoring CO, CO2, humidity and temperature in 210 hectares. In a hard environment like this long range communication links along with low power consumption and solar panels as energy source were Waspmote’s most valuable features.

› Latest Case Studies: